A Novel Single-arm Single-port Micro-traumatic Laparoscopic Robotic Surgical System / 中国医疗器械杂志

As the robotic assisted single port surgery arousing attention, a novel single-arm single-port micro-traumatic laparoscopic robotic surgical system is proposed in this study. From the perspective of the mechanics, joints with high rigidity and high reliability were utilized to realize the remote center of motion (RCM). Besides, the cost of consumables was reduced by adding the support of the rigid endoscope. From the perspective of the algorithm, high-precision motion control method and feedback force protection mechanism were implemented. The effectiveness of the aforementioned characteristics were verified by five clinical experiments of cholecystectomy. The results showed that the system is able to reduce the amount of bleeding, accelerate the patient recovery, reduce the infection risk and shorten the learning period. The robotic surgical system had significant clinical application value.

Simulation design and experimental study of magnetic stimulation coil for robot pigeon / 生物医学工程学杂志

To explore the feasibility of applying magnetic stimulation technology to the movement control of animal robots, the influence of coil radius, number of turns and other factors on the intensity, depth and focus of magnetic stimulation was simulated and analyzed for robot pigeons. The coil design scheme was proposed. The coil was placed on the head and one of the legs of the pigeon, and the leg electromyography (EMG) was recorded when magnetic stimulation was performed. Results showed that the EMG was significantly strengthened during magnetic stimulation. With the reduction of the output frequency of the magnetic stimulation system, the output current was increased and the EMG was enhanced accordingly. Compared with the brain magnetic stimulation, sciatic nerve stimulation produced a more significant EMG enhancement response. This indicated that the magnetic stimulation system could effectively modulate the functions of brain and peripheral nerves by driving the coil. This study provides theoretical and experimental guidance for the subsequent optimization and improvement of practical coils, and lays a preliminary theoretical and experimental foundation for the implementation of magnetic stimulation motion control of animal robots.

Quality Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Images from 3 High-resolution Dynamic Sequences / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To compare the image quality of three high-resolution dynamic MRI methods for evaluating the motion of temporomandibular joint disc and condyle. Methods Twenty-five patients with suspected temporomandibular joint disorders were examined by single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE),fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA),and spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) on the oblique sagittal position.Two radiologists performed subjective and objective evaluation on the images with double-blind method.The subjective evaluation included the signal intensity of mandibular condyle,articular disc,soft tissue around articular disc,and lateral pterygoid muscle,the contrast between articular disc and condyle,the contrast between articular disc and surrounding soft tissue,condylar motion,and disc movement.The objective evaluation indexes included image signal intensity,signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).The subjective and objective indexes of the image quality were compared between the three sequences. Results The SSFSE sequence had lower signal intensity of articular disc and higher signal intensity of condyle and surrounding soft tissue than FIESTA and SPGR sequences (all P<0.001).The SPGR sequence showed higher signal intensity of lateral pterygoid muscle than the SSFSE and FIESTA sequences (P=0.017,P<0.001).Among the three sequences,SSFSE sequence showed the clearest articular disc structure (χ2=41.952,P<0.001),the strongest contrast between articular disc and condyle (χ2=35.379,P<0.001),the strongest contrast between articular disc and surrounding soft tissue (χ2=27.324,P<0.001),and the clearest movement of articular disc (χ2=44.655,P<0.001).SSFSE and FIESTA sequences showed higher proportion of disc displacement and reduction than SPGR sequence (all P<0.001).The CNR (χ2=21.400,P<0.001),SNR (χ2=34.880,P<0.001),and condyle signal intensity (F=337.151,P<0.001) demonstrated differences among SSFSE,FIESTA,and SPGR sequences.The CNR of SSFSE sequence was higher than that of FIESTA sequence (P<0.001),while it had no significant difference between SSFSE and SPGR sequences (P=0.472).In addition,the SSFSE sequence had higher SNR and signal intensity than FIESTA and SPGR sequences (all P<0.001). Conclusion The best image quality can be observed from SSFSE sequence where both the structure and movement of temporomandibular joint are well displayed.Therefore,SSFSE is preferred for the examination of temporomandibular joint movement.

Gait Measurement System Using Laser Range Sensor Based on Lower-limb Rehabilitation Robot / 中国医疗器械杂志

Spatiotemporal gait parameters provide important information for the rehabilitation of patients with gait dysfunction. These parameters are often obtained by complex systems such as optical motioncapture system and pressure plates. However, these systems cannot be deployed at the lower-limb rehabilitation robot easily because of high costs, large area occupation and wearable requirements. We present a gait measurement system with a Light Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) laser sensor based on the lower-limb rehabilitation robot. Firstly, to calculate gait parameters, the data are aggregated into left and right legs by the clustering algorithm and the legs contour is fitted with two circles respectively according to the least square method. Then, the spatiotemporal gait parameters are defined based on the time and position of initial contact(IC) and toe off(TO). Finally, to verify the validity of the proposed system, we compared the results of the proposed system with a 3D motion capture system based on a lower-limb rehabilitation robot. Experimental results showed that the gait detection system can measure the parameters within a small range of error that testified the validation of the proposed system. This system proved to be a valid and reliable method for the measurement of gait parameters.

A pace recognition method for exoskeleton wearers based on support vector machine-hidden Markov model / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to improve the motion fluency and coordination of lower extremity exoskeleton robots and wearers, a pace recognition method of exoskeleton wearer is proposed base on inertial sensors. Firstly, the triaxial acceleration and triaxial angular velocity signals at the thigh and calf were collected by inertial sensors. Then the signal segment of 0.5 seconds before the current time was extracted by the time window method. And the Fourier transform coefficients in the frequency domain signal were used as eigenvalues. Then the support vector machine (SVM) and hidden Markov model (HMM) were combined as a classification model, which was trained and tested for pace recognition. Finally, the pace change rule and the human-machine interaction force were combined in this model and the current pace was predicted by the model. The experimental results showed that the pace intention of the lower extremity exoskeleton wearer could be effectively identified by the method proposed in this article. And the recognition rate of the seven pace patterns could reach 92.14%. It provides a new way for the smooth control of the exoskeleton.

Sistematización de la creación del modelo escuelas en movimiento: Intervención en salud escolar / Systematization of the Creation of the Moving Schools Model: Intervention In School Health

Resumen El objetivo de esta sistematización es mostrar el proceso que dio origen al modelo escuelas en movimiento", conceptualmente anclado al modelo ecológico, cuyo propósito es contrarrestar los efectos del sedentarismo, el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil desde el ámbito escolar. El trabajo se gestó valiéndose de estructuras ya existentes e instaladas en instituciones públicas, que contemplaban, dentro de sus acciones, la creación de espacios de promoción de la salud y actividad física; desde esta perspectiva, se utilizó la RECAFIS (Red Costarricense de Actividad Física para la Salud) del sector Belén-Flores, de la provincia de Heredia, Costa Rica, que sirvió de plataforma para implementar este modelo de intervención llamado escuelas en movimiento. Dicho modelo se llevó a cabo en tres escuelas públicas en la provincia de Heredia. La metodología consistió en observar las actividades que realizaban los niños y las niñas durante el tiempo escolar (recreos, clases de educación física, comportamiento en las aulas). Posteriormente se ejecutó un plan de actividades dirigido a la promoción de estilos activos en los niveles interpersonal, intrapersonal y organizativo. Esta estrategia de trabajo estuvo respaldada con el modelo ecológico. Se sistematizaron las experiencias vividas con el fin de orientar la construcción de intervenciones en la promoción de estilos de vida activos en la niñez dentro del ámbito escolar, mediante la estimulación de destrezas motoras básicas como brincar, saltar y correr. Se incluyen las intervenciones en las que participaron las familias, con los niños y niñas e instituciones. Conclusiones: La intervención multinivel, interinstitucional basada en la teoría ecológica demostró su idoneidad para promocionar estilos de vida activos en los espacios de los niveles académicos y desde clases de Educación Física, mediante intervenciones novedosas, que contemplen sus gustos e intereses para ser sujetos más activos y saludables sin segregar a escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad, por los efectos de estigmatización y obstáculos que generó esta práctica.

Abstract This systematization aims to show the process that originated the schools in the movement model, conceptually anchored to the ecological model whose purpose is to counteract the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and childhood obesity at school. The work was conceived using existing structures installed in public institutions; this included, among the actions, the creation of spaces to promote health and physical activity. Under this perspective, RECAFIS (Costa Rican Network of Physical Activity for Health) from the Belen-Flores sector, in the province of Heredia, Costa Rica, was used; it served as a platform to implement this intervention model called schools in movement. This model was implemented in three public schools in the province of Heredia. The methodology consisted of observing the activities that boys and girls carried out during school time (breaks, physical education classes, classroom behavior). Subsequently, an activity plan was implemented to promote active styles at the interpersonal, intrapersonal, and organizational levels. The ecological model supported this work strategy. The experiences lived were systematized to guide the construction of interventions to promote active lifestyles in childhood within the school environment by stimulating basic motor skills such as skipping, jumping, and running. The interventions in which families, children, and institutions participated are included. Conclusions: The multi-level, inter-institutional intervention, based on the ecological theory, demonstrated its suitability to promote active lifestyles in the spaces of the academic levels and from Physical Education classes, through original interventions, which contemplate students' tastes and interests to let them be more active and healthy without segregating overweight and obese schoolchildren due to the stigmatization effects and obstacles that this practice generated.

Resumo O objetivo desta sistematização é mostrar o processo que deu origem ao modelo das Escolas em Movimento, conceitualmente ancorado no Modelo Ecológico; que tem como finalidade, contrariar os efeitos do sedentarismo, do excesso de peso e da obesidade infantil a partir do ambiente escolar. O trabalho foi realizado utilizando estruturas existentes instaladas em instituições públicas, o que incluiu a criação de espaços de promoção da saúde e da atividade física em suas ações. Sob esta perspectiva, a RECAFIS (Rede Costarriquenha de Atividade Física para a Saúde) do setor Belén-Flores, na província de Heredia, Costa Rica, foi utilizada como plataforma para implementar este modelo de intervenção denominado Escolas em Movimento. Este modelo foi realizado em três escolas públicas na província de Heredia. A metodologia consistia em observar as atividades que as crianças realizavam durante o horário escolar (intervalos, aulas de educação física, comportamento em sala de aula). Posteriormente, foi implementado um plano de atividades destinado a promover estilos ativos nos níveis interpessoal, intrapessoal e organizacional. Esta estratégia de trabalho foi apoiada pelo Modelo Ecológico. As experiências foram sistematizadas a fim de orientar a construção de intervenções na promoção de estilos de vida ativos em crianças dentro do ambiente escolar, através do estímulo de habilidades motoras básicas como pular, saltar e correr. Isto inclui intervenções envolvendo famílias, crianças e instituições. Conclusões: A intervenção interinstitucional multinivel baseada na Teoria Ecológica demonstrou sua aptidão para promover estilos de vida ativos nos espaços das matérias acadêmicas e das aulas de Educação Física, através de intervenções inovadoras, que contemplam seus gostos e interesses a fim de serem mais ativos e saudáveis, sem segregar o excesso de peso e as crianças obesas em idade escolar, devido aos efeitos de estigmatização e obstáculos gerados por esta prática.

Interpolation Algorithm for Motion Vector Field of CTA Image and Accelerated Implementation Based on Uniform Grid and Multi-level B-spline / 中国医疗器械杂志

In order to solve the problems of slow operation speed and low registration accuracy of thin plate spline (TPS) interpolation method for motion vector field in coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA), a multi-level B-spline interpolation method (MBS) with uniform grid is proposed. On the one hand, the interpolation method used local B-spline to refine the sparse mesh layer by layer in a multiscale way to improve the accuracy of registration. On the other hand, it used the splitting matrix method to interpolate the motion vector field, greatly reducing the operation time of interpolation. The experimental results show that the proposed method can be used for CTA image registration efficiently.

Progress of motion artifact correction in photoacoustic microscopy and photoacoustic tomography / 生物医学工程学杂志

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly developing hybrid biomedical imaging technology, which is capable of providing structural and functional information of biological tissues. Due to inevitable motion of the imaging object, such as respiration, heartbeat or eye rotation, motion artifacts are observed in the reconstructed images, which reduce the imaging resolution and increase the difficulty of obtaining high-quality images. This paper summarizes current methods for correcting and compensating motion artifacts in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT), discusses their advantages and limits and forecasts possible future work.

Clinical application and progress of quantitative functional magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very important imaging method for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) in clinical practice. As functional MRI is growing and maturing, its quantitative parameters are expected to enhance the clinical value of MRI furtherly. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion kurtosis imaging, which were derived from diffusion weighted imaging, have provided richer and more accurate parameters. The newly-developed magnetic resonance elastography can complement the mechanical characteristics of PCa.

A time-motion study on the operating room processes among pregnant COVID-19 patients undergoing cesarean section in a tertiary government hospital

@#Objective. This study aims to determine time and motion in the operating room in emergent, urgent and scheduled cesarean section surgeries among pregnant COVID-19 patients. Methodology. A time and motion performance evaluation study was done by computing the following parameters: pre-induction time, pre-incision time, opening time, closing time, for both decision-to-delivery interval (DDI) and overall operative time. Results. During the study period, emergent DDI average was 2 hours and 38 minutes, emergent overall operative time was 1 hour and 31 minutes, urgent DDI average was 3 hours and 51 minutes, and urgent overall operative time of 1 hour and 57 minutes. However, in both urgent and emergent cases, the recommended DDI of 30 minutes, and the average duration of 44.3 minutes for CS were not feasible. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the provision of surgical obstetric care and OR utilization. Due to the new safety protocol for healthcare workers and patients, there was a significant delay in DDI and overall operative time. The causes were preparation, anesthesia factors or obstetrician factors. Identifying modifiable obstacles may improve the DDI, overall operative time, and the quality of maternal and child birth care during this pandemic.

Research on the influence of light with different wavelength on the motion behavior of carp robots / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to study the effect of light with different wavelengths on the motion behavior of carp robots, phototaxis experiment, anatomical experiment, light control experiment and speed measurement experiment were carried out in this study. Blue, green, yellow and red light with different wavelength were used to conduct phototaxis experiments on carp to observe their movement behavior. By dissecting the skull bones of the carp to determine the appropriate location to carry the light control device, we independently developed a light control carrying device which was suitable for any illumination intensity environment. The experiment of the light-controlled carp robots was carried out. The motion behavior of the carp robot was checked by using computer binocular stereo vision technology. The motion trajectory of the carp robot was tracked and obtained by applying kernel correlation filter (KCF) algorithm. The motion velocity of the carp robot at different wavelengths was calculated according to their motion trajectory. The results showed that carps' sensitivity to different light changed from strong to weak in the order of blue, red, yellow and green, so that using light with different wavelengths to control the speed of the carp robot has certain laws to follow. A new method to avoid brain damage in carp robots control can be provided in this study.

Development of a Portable Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain Measurement System / 中国医疗器械杂志

We developed a portable non-specific low back pain measurement system EasiLBP and evaluated its performance in collecting EMG signals:during the wearer's movement without the assistance of a doctor, the collection of EMG signals by portable devices met problems such as large noise interference, difficulty in accurately calibrating the start and end points of the action interval, and imbalanced samples for feature recognition, et al. To challenge these problems, we proposed a small group-based noise removal method, a dynamic dual-threshold automatic method for identifying the start and end points of the motion interval, and a sampling method to balance group samples, respectively. Portable device and a medical EMG acquisition equipment Thought Technology FlexComp Infiniti 10 were used to perform EMG measurements on 15 patients with non-specific low back pain and 15 normal people. Clinical experiments and statistical analysis show that the portable EMG acquisition system has significant differences in EMG signal characteristics between normal people and non-specific low back pain patients, and it has good measurement consistency and accuracy with the medical EMG acquisition equipment.

Biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots / 生物医学工程学杂志

Bionic untethered micro-nano robots, due to their advantages of small size, low weight, large thrust-to-weight ratio, strong wireless mobility, high flexibility and high sensitivity, have very important application values in the fields of biomedicine, such as disease diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, etc. This review article systematically introduced the manufacturing methods and motion control, and discussed the biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots. Finally, the article discussed the possible challenges for bionic untethered micro-nano robots in the future. In summary, this review described bionic untethered micro-nano robots and their potential applications in biomedical fields.

Os impactos da experiência da dança em sua relação com a saúde / The impacts of dance experience on its health relations

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da experiência da dança e suas relações com a saúde em praticantes não profissionais. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo etnográfico, desenvolvido com 14 voluntários de ambos o sexo, numa faixa etária de 34 a 70 anos que frequentavam aulas de dança na cidade de São Paulo. As ferramentas de coletas de dados consistiram em observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas, com objetivo de contextualizar e dimensionar o estudo de campo e os sujeitos pesquisados, bem como a análise da experiência da dança. A análise dos dados foi realizada por categorias não apriorísticas. Como resultado, foi possível encontrar quatro categorias de análise dos impactos da experiência da dança na saúde dos voluntários: terapêutica, física/estética, expressão/criação e sociabilidade. Assim conclui-se que a pratica de dança proporcionou experiência em diferentes aspectos, demonstrando ir além de uma simples atividade física voltada a benefícios estéticos e funcionais, sendo considerada uma prática integradora e mais próxima do entendimento de saúde ampliada.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the possible impacts of the dance experience for these people non-professionals in their relationship with health. For this, an ethnological study was carried out, which was developed using 14 volunteers of both genders and between 34 and 70 years old who took dance classes in the city of São Paulo. The data collection tools consisted of participant observation and semi-structured interviews, aiming to contextualize and dimentionalize the field study and the researched subjects, as well as the analysis of the experience of dance. The data analysis was carried out using non-aprioristic categories. As a result, we found four analysis categories of the impacts of the dance experience in relationship with the health: therapeutics, physical/aesthetics, expression/creativity and sociability. Thus, it is concluded that practicing dance provided experiences in different aspects, being shown to go beyond a simple physical activity aimed at aesthetic benefits or body function, with it being considered an integrative practice and closer to the broad understanding of health.

Clavo Intramedular de Sign en Rodilla Flotante: Una serie de casos / Sign Intramedullary Nail in 'Floating Knee". A Case Series Report.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El concepto de "rodilla flotante" describe fracturas ipsilaterales del fémur y la tibia, donde la rodilla está desconectada del resto de la extremidad. El mecanismo suele ser un trauma de alta energía. Las tasas de infección, no unión, malunión y rigidez de la rodilla, pérdida excesiva de sangre, embolia grasa, son relativamente altas; lo que lleva a un deterioro funcional y con frecuencia resultados no satisfactorios. La reducción definitiva inmediata y fijación de las fracturas por clavo intramedular disminuye la incidencia de complicaciones. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, serie de casos de 7 pacientes tratados con el Clavo Intramedular de SIGN (Surgical Implant Generation Network); para establecer resultados funcionales, lesiones concomitantes, complicaciones y ventajas del clavo en nuestra práctica. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, con una media de 26 años de edad. Todas las lesiones fueron producidas en accidentes de tráfico, el 50% de las fracturas fueron expuestas. Según la clasificacion de Blake & McBryde, 6 fueron de Tipo I y un caso tipo IIa. Los resultados funcionales se evaluaron según los criterios de Karlström&Olerud; excelentes y buenos resultados se obtuvieron en el 85% de los casos. Todas las fracturas consolidaron; se describe un caso de infección superficial y un paciente presentó acortamiento de miembro <3cms y limitación menor del rango de movilidad de la rodilla. CONCLUSIÓN: El CIM de SIGN resultó eficiente y versátil en el tratamiento de rodilla flotante en adultos. Con buenos resultados funcionales (85%) y baja incidencia de complicaciones.

BACKGROUND: "Floating knee" describes ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia, where the knee is disconnected from the rest of the limb. The mechanism is usually a high-energy trauma. Rates of infection, lack of union, stiffness of the knee, excessive blood loss, fat embolism, are relatively high; leading to functional impairment and often unsatisfactory results. Immediate definitive reduction and fixation of fractures by intramedullary nail reduces the incidence of complications. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out, a case series report of 7 patientes treated by the SIGN Intramedullary Nail (IMN); to establish the functional results, concomitant injuries, complications and advantages of this nail, in our practice. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were male, with a mean age of 26 years. All injuries were caused in traffic accidents, 50% of the fractures were exposed fractures. According to the Blake & McBryde classification, 6 were Type I and one case Type IIa. Functional results were evaluated according to the Karlström and Olerud criteria; excellent and good results were obtained in 85% of cases. All of the fractures healed; one case of superficial infection was described, one patient presented limb shortening <3 cm and minor limitation of the knee motion range. CONCLUSION: The SIGN intramedullary nail, was efficient and versatile for the treatment of floating knee in adults. It had good functional results (85%) and low incidence of complications.

A bionic cerebellar motion control model and its application in arm control / 生物医学工程学杂志

How to realize the control of limb movement and apply it to intelligent robot systems at the level of cerebellar cortical neurons is a hot topic in the fields of artificial intelligence and rehabilitation medicine. At present, the cerebellar model usually used is only for the purpose of controlling the effect, borrowing from the functional mode of the cerebellum, but it ignores the structural characteristics of the cerebellum. In fact, in addition to being used for controlling purposes, the cerebellar model should also have the interpretability of the control process and be able to analyze the consequences of cerebellar lesions. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a bionic cerebellar model which could better express the characteristics of the cerebellum. In this paper, the process that the cerebellum processes external input information and then generates control instructions at the neuron level was explored. By functionally segmenting the cerebellum into homogeneous structures, a novel bionic cerebellar motion control model incorporating all major cell types and connections was established. Simulation experiments and force feedback device control experiments show that the bionic cerebellar motion control model can achieve better control effect than the currently widely used cerebellar model articulation controller, which verifies the effectiveness of the bionic cerebellar motion control model. It has laid the foundation for real brain-like artificial intelligence control.

Human activity recognition based on the inertial information and convolutional neural network / 生物医学工程学杂志

With the rapid improvement of the perception and computing capacity of mobile devices such as smart phones, human activity recognition using mobile devices as the carrier has been a new research hot-spot. The inertial information collected by the acceleration sensor in the smart mobile device is used for human activity recognition. Compared with the common computer vision recognition, it has the following advantages: convenience, low cost, and better reflection of the essence of human motion. Based on the WISDM data set collected by smart phones, the inertial navigation information and the deep learning algorithm-convolutional neural network (CNN) were adopted to build a human activity recognition model in this paper. The K nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN) and the random forest algorithm were compared with the CNN network in the recognition accuracy to evaluate the performance of the CNN network. The classification accuracy of CNN model reached 92.73%, which was much higher than KNN and random forest. Experimental results show that the CNN algorithm model can achieve more accurate human activity recognition and has broad application prospects in predicting and promoting human health.

Correlation of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion-derived Parameters with Computer Tomography Perfusion Parameters in Insulinoma / 中国医学科学院学报

To prospectively evaluate the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-derived parameters and CT perfusion parameters as well as the pathological grade in insulinoma. A total of 55 patients with suspected insulinoma undergoing IVIM and CT perfusion scans were prospectively enrolled. The images were post-processed to obtain IVIM parameters including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC),diffusion (D),perfusion correlated diffusion (D*),and f,and CT perfusion parameters including blood flow (BF),blood volume (BV),and permeability (PM). The pathological specimens were stained to obtain pathological parameters including the grading,ki-67 index,and the mitotic count. The IVIM derived parameters of normal pancreas including head,body,and tail as well as that of the pancreatic insulinoma were compared. The correlation between IVIM parameters and CT perfusion parameters as well as the pathological parameters was analyzed. ADC and D values of pancreatic tail were significantly lower than those of the pancreatic head and neck (all 0.05). IVIM parameters differ at different anatomical parts of normal pancreas. IVIM parameters can distinguish normal pancreatic parenchyma from insulinoma. The ADC value is weakly correlated with BF.

Biomechanic of ballroom dance: corporate adaptations with different footwear / Biomecânica da dança de salão: adaptações corporais com diferentes calçados

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the joint amplitude, spine angulation and displacement of the center of mass during the execution of gafieira samba with and without high heels at different speed. In addition, the reproducibility of the movement was tested. Fifteen experienced dancers performed a sequence of gafieira samba steps under the conditions: high heels (7.5cm) and flats at two speeds according to the beat of music (72 and 96bpm). Kinematic analysis was performed on the Vicon® system with 11 cameras (100 Hz). Twenty-one reflective markers were positioned over the participants' bodies to calculate the center of mass and joint angles of the lower limbs and spine. Reproducibility was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient and the comparison between conditions was tested by a Two-way Analysis of Variance, with the factors footwear and speed. The results indicated to a moderate to very high reproducibility in all variables analyzed. No differences were found between lumbar curvature, thoracic and displacement of the center of mass. There was no interaction between types of footwear and step execution speed, but analyzing the main factors, there was a decrease in the left ankle plantiflexion angle with increasing speed. The ankle angles showed a significant decrease under the condition flats when compared to high heels. In conclusion, high heels do not alter lumbar curvature, displacement of the center of mass and knee and hip joint amplitude in the execution of gafieira samba.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a amplitude articular, angulação da coluna e deslocamento do centro de massa durante execução do samba de gafieira com e sem salto alto em diferentes velocidades. Adicionalmente, a reprodutibilidade do movimento foi testada. Quinze dançarinas experientes realizaram uma sequência de passos de samba de gafieira nas condições: salto alto (7,5 cm) e sapatilha em duas velocidades de execução de acordo com o compasso das músicas (72 e 96bpm). A análise cinemática foi realizada no sistema Vicon® com 11 câmeras (100 Hz). Vinte e um marcadores reflexivos foram posicionados sobre o corpo das participantes a fim de calcular o centro de massa e ângulos articulares dos membros inferiores e coluna. A reprodutibilidade foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e a comparação entre condições foi testada por uma análise de variância Two way, com os fatores calçados e velocidade. Os resultados indicaram para uma reprodutibildade de moderada a muito alta em todas as variavéis analisadas. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as curvaturas da lombar, torácia e deslocamento do centro de massa. Não houve interação entre tipos de calçado e velocidade de execução dos passos, porém analisando os fatores principais, ocorreu uma diminuição do ângulo de plantiflexão do tornozelo esquerdo com o aumento da velocidade. Os ângulos de tornozelo apresentaram diminuição significativa em situação do uso de sapatilhas, quando comparados ao salto. Conclui-se que o salto alto não altera a curvatura da lombar, deslocamento de centro de massa e amplitude articular do joelho e quadril na execução do samba de gafieira.

Máquina e realidade: cibernética, autopoiese e produção de subjetividade em félix guattari / Máquina y realidad: cibernética, autopoiesis y producción de subjetividad en félix guattari / Machine and reality: cybernetics, autopoiesis and production of subjectivity in félix guattari

RESUMO O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar o conceito de máquina e a consequente apropriação do mesmo nas discussões sobre a subjetividade. É um estudo teórico na interface entre psicologia, filosofia, física e biologia. Nesse sentido, ele se inicia apresentando que, na modernidade, a analogia à máquina foi estendida à compreensão do universo como sendo um relógio preciso e geometricamente previsível em seu funcionar. E se, até o século XVIII, a vida, o corpo e o cosmos foram significados, pela ciência emergente, como uma máquina mecânica (de movimento calculável em sua previsibilidade), no século XIX estes passaram igualmente a serem compreendidos como uma máquina térmica, com seus desdobramentos na física da termodinâmica e na cibernética. No final do século XX, a partir dos trabalhos dos biólogos Francisco Varela e Humberto Maturana, o conceito de máquina autopoiética ganhou relevância nos estudos sobre a vida e sobre a cognição, sendo este apropriado por Félix Guattari no desenvolvimento de seu conceito de produção de subjetividade e suas problematizações em torno dos processos de subjetivação. Assim, o conceito de máquina saiu das limitações de uma leitura mecânica e termodinâmica da realidade, para uma abordagem existencial, processual e inventiva da subjetividade.

RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene como objetivo abordar el concepto de máquina y la consiguiente apropiación del mismo en las discusiones sobre la subjetividad. Es un estudio teórico en la interfaz entre Psicología, Filosofía, Física y Biología. En ese sentido, se inicia presentando que, en la modernidad, la analogía a la máquina se extendió a la comprensión del universo como un reloj preciso y geométricamente previsible en su funcionamiento. Y si, hasta el siglo XVIII, la vida, el cuerpo y el cosmos fueron significados, por la ciencia emergente, como una máquina mecánica (de movimiento calculable en su previsibilidad), en el siglo XIX estos pasaron igualmente a ser comprendidos como una máquina térmica, con sus desdoblamientos en la física de la termodinámica y en la cibernética. A finales del siglo XX, a partir de losestudios de los biólogos Francisco Varela y Humberto Maturana, el concepto de máquina autopoiética ganó relevancia en los estudios sobre la vida y sobre la cognición, siendo éste apropiado por Félix Guattari en el desarrollo de su concepto de producción de subjetividad y sus problemasen torno a los procesos de subjetivación. Así, el concepto de máquina salió de las limitaciones de una lectura mecánica y termodinámica de la realidad, hacia un enfoque existencial, procesal e inventivo de la subjetividad.

ABSTRACT This article aims to address the concept of machine and its consequent appropriation in the discussions on subjectivity. It is a theoretical study at the interface among Psychology, Philosophy, Physics and Biology. In this sense, it starts showing that in the modernity, the analogy to the machine was extended to the understanding of the universe as a precise and geometrically predictable functioning clock. And if, until the eighteenth century, life, body and cosmos were signified by the emerging science as a mechanical machine (of calculable motion in its predictability), in the nineteenth century they also came to be understood as a thermal machine, with its developments in the thermodynamics physics and cybernetics. In the late twentieth century, the concept of autopoietic machine gained relevance in the studies of life and cognition, based on the works of the biologists Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana, which is appropriated by Félix Guattari for the development of his concept of the production of subjectivity and its problematizations around the subjectivation processes. Thus, the concept of machine has gone beyond the limitations of a mechanical and thermodynamics reading of reality, to an existential, procedural and inventive approach of the subjectivity.